How do we come to define gender and sex in our society? What impact do these classifications have on our understanding of: femininity, masculinity, heterosexuality, homosexuality, and transgender identities?  Constructing Differences: Gender and Sexuality CONSTRUCTING GENDER AND SEXUALITY Audio File: (Flores, 2020) [0:31:07] Constructing Differences: Gender and Sex ? How do we classify men and women? ? Sex – refers to the biological markers of maleness or femaleness; (chromosomes (XX for female; XY for males), sex glands, hormones external genitalia, reproductive capabilities germ cells produced (eggs for females, sperm for males), or other physical characteristics ? gender/doing gender – designates the psychological, social, and cultural aspects of masculinity and femininity (53). Gender is a product of some social doing; a being; an action, or set of actions—specifically interactions (Source: West and Zimmerman). ? (Killerman, 2013) ? Video: Origin Of Everything: Why was Pink for Boys and Blue for Girls? (2018) [0:09:03] ? Video: It’s Pat: Birthday Party (1991) [0:05:49] Sexual Dichotomy This is approximately the way humanity is distributed with respect to sex. This is the way doctors see humanity. Constructing Difference: Gender and Sex 2 ? See infographic: It’s Pronounced Metrosexual. (2015, March). The Genderbread Person v3.2. The Sexual Dichotomy: Either Male or Femaleness ? Transgender and intersexuals challenge this dichotomy and the essentialist notion of gender ? ? ? ? ? Video: The New Face of Transgender Youth [0:07:52] (2014) (Tanner, 2018) We see how in different part of the world sex/gender variations are defined differently: Navajo culture, Tahiti, Siberia, Hindu (Wade, 2012) (Goldhill, 2018) Heteronormativity Audio File: (Flores, 2020) [0:15:20] ? Heterosexuality as the norm ? Social institutions reinforce the belief that sexual relations should be between males and females ? Cultural institutions reinforce this relationship in dating advise, marriage, and family life ? Some argue that this focus on heterosexuality as normative has caused many to stay in ‘the closet’ ? In recent years, coming out of the closet has become a bit easier but being completely open about their sexuality is still not always possible ? (Stuart, 2008) Learning Difference: Gender and Sex ? In the late 19th century, homosexuality was believed to be a form of mental illness (form of psychopathic disorder) that could be cured medically ? Today, we still feel that homosexuality is biologically determined and can even be passed down from generation to generation and that there is a ‘gay gene’ ? By viewing homosexuality in this manner, many would argue that it is a ‘genetic mutation’ that must be corrected and can be prevented if we can just ‘fix’it Constructing Differences: Sexuality Audio File: (Flores, 2020) [0:26:52] ? Heterosexuality as unchanging, universal, and essential for the construction and maintenance of society ? But heterosexuality is actually a modern invention ? 1820-1860- In US, ‘Early Victorian True Love’ ? True Manhood, True Womanhood characterized by purity and only realized through marriage for procreation — not characterized as heterosexual or eroticized ? 1860-1892- Late Victorian Sex-Love ? ? ? Development of heterosexuality and homosexuality Eroticized and heterolust began to be documented In US, family from producer to consumer developed change in perception of own bodies Constructing Differences: Sexuality 2 ? Heterosexuality: First Years- 1892-1900 ? 1st known use of word, ‘heterosexual’ ? Medical research discussion of hetero-sexuals (erotic feeling for a different sex), homosexual (deviance of gender norm), psycho-sexual hermaphroditism (impulses toward both sexes) ? These definitions shifted the way in which sexuality was defined — from human reproduction to a mode of pleasure ? 1900-1930- Heterosexual Mystique ? ? ? ? Association with carnal lust Independent ‘New Woman’ ‘Flapper’ ‘the lesbian’ (Cellania, 2013) Constructing Differences: Sexuality 3 ? 1930-1945 ? 1st use of heterosexual in New York Times Book Review ? Heterosexuality became nationally/internationally aspect of middle-class life ? 1945-1965- Heterosexual Hegemony ? ‘Cult of domesticity’ ? Heteronorm goes unchallenged ? Gave rise to ‘baby boom’ Constructing Differences: Sexuality 4 ? 1965-1982- Heterosexuality Questioned ? Critique of sexual repression, particularly women’s sexual repression ? Anatomy does not determine our gender ? This history can help us recognize how definitions of sexuality are based on constructions by social institutions (economy, political) ‘The Kinsey Report’ ? Sex very different in past- homosexuality was part of ? ? ? ? life Prior to 7th century BC, sexual practices were associated with religious rites It was not until the establishment of ‘The Holiness Code’ that ‘non-heterosexual, non-reproductive’ sexual acts were viewed as pagan Gender identity is not so cut and dry Among mammals, there is routinely lesbian and homosexual relationships History of Masculinity Audio File: (Flores, 2020) [0:18:54] ? (McKay & McKay, 2020) ? Genteel Patriarch — 18th and 19th centuries ? Identity based on land ownership (rural) ? Refined and elegant ? Devoted father ? Heroic Artisan ? Physical strength ? Independent urban craftsman/shopkeeper ? Taught his craft ? Involved in ‘democratic community’ ? Marketplace Manhood ? Characterized by success in marketplace (capitalist) ? Acquisition of goods (consumption) ? ‘hegemonic’ masculinity- a man in power, a man with power and a man of power Review ? How do men learn masculinity? How is it reinforced? ? How is femininity viewed with regards to masculinity? How is this hegemonic view of masculinity a form of homophobia related to fear? ? According to Kimmel, why do men feel so powerless? ? Video: Crippling Levels of Manliness | CH Shorts [0:03:09] (2020) Review 2 ? In the article, ‘The Five Sexes’, Fausto Sterling argues that a two sex system (male/female) is not adequate, what do the following terms mean: ‘herms’, ‘merms’, ‘ferms’? ? Approximately, how many children are born intersexual? ? How is ‘intersexuality’ defined one way by the medical establishment but another by transgendered people (sexual identities and characteristics)? Review 3 ? In the article, ‘Ain’t I A Woman’, who is Caster Semenya? ? How does sexual dichotomy and gender binary impact transgender athlete’s ability to play a sport? ? What tests were put in place by the International Olympic Committee in 1966 to verify female competitors’ “gender”. How was this test performed? How did women receive ‘certificates of femininity’ once more scientific procedures were put in place? ? Which of the policy recommendations does Griffin believe would be the most effective in creating inclusive collegiate participation of transgender and intersex athletes? References ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Flores, Maritza (2020) Narration of M03 Slide1 [0:31:07] [Audio file]. Flores, Maritza (2020) Narration of M03 Slide6 [0:15:20] [Audio file]. Flores, Maritza (2020) Narration of M03 Slide8 [0:26:52] [Audio file]. Flores, Maritza (2020) Narration of M03 Slide13 [0:18:54] [Audio file]. Killerman, S. (2013, Jan) A Comprehensive* List of LGBTQ+ Vocabulary Definitions. It’s Pronounced Metrosexual. From http://itspronouncedmetrosexual.com/2013/01/a-comprehensive-list-of-lgbtq-term-definitions/ [PBS Digital Studios] (2018, Feb 16) Origin Of Everything: Why was Pink for Boys and Blue for Girls? Season 1 Episode 19. [0:09:03] From https://www.pbs.org/video/why-was-pink-for-boys-and-blue-for-girls-6ikwzr/ [SNL] (1991, Oct 12) It’s Pat: Birthday Party [0:05:49] From https://www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live/video/its-pat-birthday-party/3505906 It’s Pronounced Metrosexual. (2015, March). The Genderbread Person v3.2. From https://www.itspronouncedmetrosexual.com/2015/03/the-genderbreadperson-v3/ It’s Pronounced Metrosexual. (2015, March). The Genderbread Person v3.2. From https://www.itspronouncedmetrosexual.com/2015/03/the-genderbreadperson-v3/ [Yahoo Parenting] (2014, Oct 29) The New Face of Transgender Youth [0:07:52] [Multimedia article] Yahoo! News. From https://www.yahoo.com/news/thenew-face-of-transgender-youth-101260983707.html Wade, L. (2012, June 22) Muxes: A Third Gender in Oaxaca, Mexico, The Society Pages. From http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2012/06/22/a-thirdgender-in-oaxaca-mexico/ Tanner, L. (2018, February 5). Not just boy and girl; more teens identify as transgender. From AP News: https://apnews.com/article/02e14dcaba1f44af8202d390794f8717 Goldhill, O. (2018, Mar 22) Omnisexual, gynosexual, demisexual: What’s behind the surge in sexual identities? Quartz. From https://qz.com/1230638/omnisexual-gynosexual-demisexual-whats-behind-the-surge-in-sexual-identities/amp/ Stuart, H. (2008, Feb. 14) ‘When Did You Choose To Be Straight’ Video Asks Heteros What Gay People Are Often Asked, [02:59] [Multimedia article] HuffPost. From http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/10/choose-to-be-straight-video-_n_3247301.html Cellania, M. (2013, March 25) The Rise of the Flapper, The Society Pages. From https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2013/03/25/guest-post-the-rise-ofthe-flapper/ McKay, B. and McKay, K. (2020, March 24) 3 Archetypes of American Manliness-Part I: The Genteel Patriarch. Art of Manliness. From https://www.artofmanliness.com/articles/3-archetypes-of-american-manliness-part-i-the-genteel-patriarch/ [CollegeHumor] (2018, Aug. 28) Crippling Levels of Manliness | CH Shorts [0:03:09]. From https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wogb2ctOfV4 Purchase answer to see full attachment Explanation & Answer: 2 Questions Tags: femininity transgender identities masculinity heterosexuality homosexuality User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool’s honor code & terms of service.