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CJ 513: The Effects of State-Sponsored Terrorism

CJ 513: The Effects of State-Sponsored Terrorism

CJ 513

Unit 4 DQ

Topic #1

The Effects of State-Sponsored Terrorism

What are the primary effects of state-sponsored terrorism on the domestic and global communities? How does state-sponsored terrorism impact the political, economic, and social factors within these communities? Which of these factors would you argue is most significantly impacted by state-sponsored terrorism, and why? Be sure to include specific examples to support your post.

Topic #1 Student Response #1 (Respond to Damon)

Damon Bradshaw

State-Sponsored Terrorism

State-sponsored terrorism is a type of crime carried out by governments or non-profit organizations funded by the government, increasing the threat of global instability and creating a broader social and political divide. State-sponsored terrorism has become a growing threat to the world’s nations and can affect any country, regardless of its status (Wolf, 2017). The impact of state-sponsored terrorist activities is severe and systemic. Most countries have experienced significant changes within their public and private organizations. When a terrorist attack occurs, the international community response is altered (Wolf, 2017). According to Wolf (2017), this undermines the efforts of governments to address the basic needs of their citizens and straining their limited resources. While authoritarian governments are oppressive, they create a degree of stability (Mackintosh & Duplat, 2013). This fact makes it harder for state-sponsored terrorism to operate in nations that have adopted democracy.

Mackintosh and Duplat (2013) note that stability is a critical component of the dialogue on terrorism. It helps prevent terrorist organizations from recruiting in underdeveloped regions where the government is weak. State-sponsored terrorism destabilizes economies by targeting businesses and affecting their profitability operating in the regions (Mackintosh & Duplat, 2013). The Inter-Service Intelligence (ISI) is Pakistan’s leading intelligence agency that operates through various divisions and agencies. According to Williams, Koch, and Smith (2013), ISI has been accused of participating in various state-sponsored terrorist activities such as the Mumbai train bombing and the Indian parliament attack. These attacks impact the victim countries politically the most as it trickles down, affecting society. Political arrangements that shape government formation make it more vulnerable to the effects of violent action than those decided by the people themselves (Williams, Koch, & Smith, 2013).

Wolf, S. O. (2017). Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism in South Asia. In Terrorism Revisited (pp. 109-155). Springer, Cham.

Mackintosh, K., & Duplat, P. (2013). Study of the impact of donor counter-terrorism measures on principled humanitarian action. UN.

Williams, L. K., Koch, M. T., & Smith, J. M. (2013). The political consequences of terrorism: Terror events, casualties, and government duration. International Studies Perspectives, 14(3), 343-361.

Topic #1 Student Response #2 (Respond to David)

David Carusotto

Hello All,

State-sponsored terrorism is the most severe type of terrorism since there is almost unlimited funding. States that sponsor terrorism often provide the terrorism groups with things such as money and or equipment (Berkowitz, 2018). In the domestic communities, they are forced to go along with the program because, most likely, their states are funding the organizations (Berkowitz, 2018). On the global scale, it falls onto other countries to step in and stop terrorism or funding. An example of this could be through military force and economic sanctions (Martin, 2018). State-sponsored terrorism impacted the political scene because a particular political party could be the one providing the funding in hopes that the terrorist group could insight fear into people voting a certain way (Berkowitz, 2018). State-sponsored terrorism could affect economics through economic sanctions. A possibility is that they could have sanctions placed on them due to funding terrorism, then the citizens of the country could feel the pain of this as prices sky rocket or goods are not allowed into the country. Having a state-sponsored terrorist group in your community could place fear on those who reside in the country (Berkowitz, 2018). It would be hard to believe in your government knowing that they are funding terrorist groups.

Thank you,

Dave

Berkowitz, J. M. (2018, July/August). Delegating terror: Principle-agent based decision making in state sponsorship of terrorism. International Interactions, 44(4), 709-748.

Martin, G. (2018). Essentials of Terrorism: Concepts and Controversies (5th ed.). Sage.

Topic #1 Student Response #3 (Respond to Travis)

Travis Reed

Good Morning Y’all

State-sponsored terrorism is the support of extremist non-governmental groups encouraging them to involve in terrorist acts. State sponsorship to terrorist groups can be achieved through several ways including direct funding, supply of weapons, provision of training, and hosting of terrorism groups with state borders. State-sponsored terrorism is an increasing threat around the world that has adverse effects on both the domestic and global communities (Carter & Pant, 2017). State-sponsored terrorism impacts the social, political, and economic factors of a country. State-sponsored terrorism results in remote military vengeance and increases border conflicts between countries that sponsor terrorism and those which are putting efforts to combat terrorism and promote peace (Carter & Pant, 2017). This causes tension among the domestic and global communities by interfering with national peace. State-sponsored terrorism creates political threats and tension in democratic countries that are committed to promoting peace (Carter & Pant, 2017). This political instability not only affects communities within but also affects communities abroad. In terms of social impacts, state-sponsored terrorism affects key social indicators including education, health, and poverty levels (Carter & Pant, 2017). The threats imposed by these attacks slow down social development because people are in constant fear and tension of attack. People are unable to socialize freely locally and also international visitors and tourists reduce their frequency. Destabilization of both political and social factors leads to slower economic growth and impacts macroeconomic variables. (Carter & Pant, 2017) For instance, tourism which has a great influence on most countries may heavily be affected by state-sponsored terrorism reducing revenue generation. For instance, various state-sponsored attacks on Kenya by Somalia Al-Shabaab groups have had a great negative influence on the flow of tourists into the country, reducing revenue generation from the tourism sector. The economic sector is greatly affected by state-sponsored terrorism because both social and political effects also influence economic growth.

References

Carter, D. B., & Pant, S. (2017). Terrorism and State Sponsorship in World Politics. In The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism.

Topic #2

The Effects of Non-State-Sponsored Terrorism

Consider the political, social, and economic effects of terrorist attacks committed by non-state actors. How do these effects differ, if at all, from the effects of state-sponsored terrorism? Would you argue that the political origin of terrorist attacks (state-sponsored vs. non-state-sponsored) alters the effects on the domestic and global communities, and why? Be sure to include specific examples to support your post.

Topic #2 Student Response #1 (Respond to Travis)

Travis Reed

Good Morning Y’all

Terrorism from non-state actors imposes various effects on the societies that it targets. While some effects can be limited to the specific period of attack and shortly after, the current extremist groups of terrorism such as ISIS and Al-Qaeda inflicts heavy and long-lasting negative effect which may not change over time. Sometimes it gets worse due to the effect on the social, political, or economic sector of the community affected.

Non-state-sponsored terrorism affects the political stability of a nation by creating terror, fear, and a feeling of insecurity, and the ideology that the leaders do not have enough capacity to protect the people (Berti, 2018). In terms of social impacts, this kind of terrorism affects the unity of different societies (Berti, 2018). For instance, most extremist groups have an Islam origin, and therefore, their attacks target people from other religions especially Christians and Jews. This has created a social tension between these religions and Islam religion creating a sense of hatred and division. In addition, it affects the culture of a country in that people are not free to run their daily activities as usual, due to fear of attacks. Economic-wise, non-state-sponsored terrorism causes high investments in implementing counterterrorism policies (Berti, 2018). In addition, this kind of terrorism causes tension in a country hence reducing the flow of tourists. This effect is evident in Kenya, which has for the longest time experienced a threat of attack by the Al Shabaab group of Somalia.

These effects do not vary much from the effects of state-sponsored terrorism. Most effects are similar such as political instability and economic slowdown. However, the political effect of state-sponsored terrorism is greater than for non-state-sponsored terrorism because of the direct enmity created between the countries involved. Therefore, the origin of terrorist attacks has a slight effect on effects towards domestic and global communities.

References

Berti, B. (2018). Violent and criminal non-state actors. The Oxford handbook of governance and limited statehood, 272-290.

Topic #2 Student Response #2 (Respond to Shuree)

Shuree Spencer Johnson

Non-State Terrorism is what we hear most as it can be from other countries or even unknown units and usually cause the most fear across the nation and its something that is harder to control and protect the citizens from. State terrorism is when a state commits terrorist acts against another state or even their own people. The difference is with state there is either a specific target or group for political reasons and can even use fear among their own people as backlash or acts or forced protection. When it comes to non-state it could be directed at anyone and everyone and have religious, terror, or just wanting to cause destructive reasons. State terrorism will try to be swept under the rug to maintain the image of order and safety across the United States or in that specific country among one another, but will usually blow up non-state terrorism for fear reasons and for border security reasons.

Terrorism by the state is still terrorism. University of Birmingham. (n.d.). https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/perspective/terrorism-by-the-state-is-still-terrorism.aspx.

Martin, G. (2018). Essentials of Terrorism: Concepts and Controversies (5th ed.). Sage.

Topic #2 Student Response #3 (Respond to Dave)

David Carusotto

Hello All,

Non-state-sponsored terrorist groups differ from state-sponsored groups because these terrorists are funding themselves. This means that they do not have to answer anyone because they are supplying themselves with their materials. Non-state-sponsored terrorists have the ability to be the most dangerous because they are of their free will (Said, 2021). The political effects of this are that politicians may answer terrorist groups out of fear that the terrorist group can directly impact them (Said, 2021). As for social effects, self-funded terrorist groups are the most dangerous and cause substantial fear within society (Martin, 2018). As for the economic effects, these terrorist groups can cause economic turmoil out of fear of people not leaving their homes and putting money into the society or requesting ransom money from governments in return for peace. I would argue that the political origin of the terrorist alters the effect on domestic and global communities. I feel that there is more out crying support for governments to help combat non-state-funded terrorist groups. When a terrorist group is state-funded, many countries turn a blind eye to what is being done.

Thank you,

Dave

Martin, G. (2018). Essentials of Terrorism: Concepts and Controversies (5th ed.). Sage.

Said, W. E. (2021, April). The destabilizing effect of terrorism in the international human rights regime. UCLA Law Review, 67(6), 1800-1819.

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