Guidelines for term paper writing Language: English Font: Times New Roman Space: Single space Font size: 12 Font size for Tables, Figures and Examples: 10 Number of words: 3000-4000 (No more than 5000) Deadline for submission: 2 May 2021 Notes: ””Your term paper must be based on the topics covered in this course. You can choose to turn your group presentation into your term paper .Your term paper must be based on data analysis rather than a mere review of previous studies. The organization of your term paper must be coherent. Avoid typos or language problems Term paper for CBS 5402 ‘Communication in Multilingual and Multilingual Cultural Contexts’ Title: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Name:________________________ Student ID:________________________ Email:________________________ Number of words:______________________ Grade:______________________ Date: Title: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1. Introduction ”’Justifying why you choose the topic Research background Research aims/questions 2. Literature review (This section can be combined with Section 1) ”A review of related studies Identifying the niche/gap of previous studies 3. Methodology 3.1 Data collection ”The sources of data The method of data collection 3.2 Analytic methods/procedure ”The analytic framework you use The coding procedure 4. Findings ”Describing the findings of your data analysis Interpreting the meanings of your findings 5. Discussion and conclusion ”’Summary of your findings Discuss your findings in terms of socio-cultural contexts Identify the significances and limitations your study (optional) References Analysis of (de)legitimation strategy —A reflection thinking of 996 work system BEN CAI SU XIE Shan 20086262G Wa nqin 20091083G Yu t i n g 20093636G Liuyi 20093438G Contents 1 Background/Literature Review 2 Research Question/Methodology 3 Data Analysis/Results 4 Discussion/Limitation/Conclusion 996 work system/Zhihu/(De)Legitimation Identify/Quantify Qualitative analysis/ Quantitative analysis Background Why we choose 996 Work System as object? 1) Authenticity: 996 work is a true portrayal and epitome of the work of the vast majority of laborers in big cities in China. 2) Controversial: Whether the 996 work system violates the labor law, whether it is a phenomenon of rationalization is a very controversial topic. The pros and cons always use different discourse strategies to express their views to achieve their own goals, so the debate on the Internet is very fierce. 3) Exploratory: The study of the 996 work system is not only to explore the underlying reasons behind it, but also to conduct an academic analysis of relevant stakeholders and a source of suggestions for stakeholders. Background Why we choose (De)Legitimation Strategy? Legitimation refers to the discourse practice of legitimating things by means of a speech strategy. It is one of the important functions of language, which will rationalize things based on social moral norms and values. Opinion leaders who hold opposing views often use different reasons and (de)legitimation strategies to make their views convincing. Literature Review (de)legitimation/Zhihu platform. •(De)Legitimation Strategy A perception that the practices of an entity are desirable, reasonable or even necessary within some socially constructed system of norms, values and beliefs (Suchman, 1995). The most representative study is Van Leeuwen and Wodak’s (1999) investigation.? Legitimation may involve some strategies and a combination of discourses (Van Dijk, 1998). ‘Four categories (Van Leeuwen, 1999) : authorization, moral evaluation, rationalization and mythopoesis ‘Five categories(Varra et al., 2006): normalization, authorization, rationalization, moralization and narrativization ‘Legitimation and delegitimation often occur simultaneously in discourse (Uhlin, 2019). •Zhihu Platform: As an independence website, has become a mainstream Q&A website in China(Sun,2015). Literature Review Previous Researches Up to now, legitimation strategy has been used in a variety of case studies in fields of politics, economics and society(e.g. Varaa et al., 2006; Breeze,2012; Zhu, & McKenna, 2012; Pang, 2013 ) Gap This research Zhihu platform is rarely used. Domestic heated topics are rarely studied by using this framework. To identify and explore legitimation strategies used to give reflection thinking on 996 topic Research Questions 1)What (de)legitimation strategies have been used by these opinion leaders?? 2)What are the most popular (de)legitimation strategies used? Methodology 1) Data collection – Zhihu as a platform—advantages—more than 172000 posts related to 996 work system – Selected 100 most liked and commented articles from opinion leaders – Extracted some controversial and representative articles for in-depth content analysis 2) Qualitative analysis-content analysis – Categorized the 100 articles into two tonalities including positive and negative(double check). – Discussed and identified what strategies (according to Van Leeuwen’s theory) – Recorded strategies in the table(RQ1) 3) Quantitative analysis – Counted the times of each strategy used and made diagrams to show the results.(RQ2) RQ1 What (de)legitimation strategies have been used by these opinion leaders? Authorization/ Moral Evaluation/ Nationalization/ Mythopoesis ——Van Leeuwen, 1999 Authorization Delegitimized it by using the Labor Law of the People’s Republic of China. Legitimized it by using role model authority. Rationalization This strategy is mainly in reference to the utility of institutionalized social action. ‘??’ is a social action. The author rationalizes the necessity of making the efforts to surpass others. Mythopoesis – Mythopoesis means storytelling. – A story of an employee under the 996 work system – Unhappy consequences of overtime Moral Evaluation – Overtime = a necessity for young people – Some positive values: diligence, sense of responsibility, perseverance) RQ2 What are the most popular (de)legitimation strategies used? Authorization/ Moral Evaluation/ Nationalization/ Mythopoesis Positive Tonality-Examples ‘Moral evaluation’ and ‘Rationalization’ are used most frequently. ‘Moral evaluation(7) e.g.’???????????????????????? ??996??????????????? ??’ ‘??????????????????????’ ‘Rationalization(7) e.g.’?????????????????996??????????????’? ‘??????????????996?????????????????????????????? ???????????’ ‘????????????????????????????????????????’ Positive Tonality-Examples ‘Authorization(4) e.g. ‘??????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????)’ ‘??????????????????996???????715??????????? ??????’ ‘Mythopoesis(2) e.g.’??????????????986211?????????????500?????? ?????????????????996????????996???????????? ??????????’ Positive Tonality-Results – Supporters rationalize the 996 work system from the perspective of value orientation. ? 996 working system is high-intensity, it is difficult to legitimize it appropriately from the perspective of individualism. – The high-intensity and long-term accumulation of resources. – Most of the stories are told. Negative Tonality-Examples ‘Mythopoesis’ become the most frequent strategy used in posts of negative tonality. ‘Mythopoesis(40) e.g.’?????????????996?????????????????????????’?’? ?????’ ‘Authorization(37) e.g.??????’??????’?’???????’????????? ‘Moral evaluation(30) e.g.’996??????????????????????????????’? ‘????????????????????????????????????????’ ‘??????????????????996???996???????????????????’ ‘Rationalization(29) e.g. ?????????????996???’? ‘996????????????????????????’ Negative Tonality-Results – Use ‘Mythopoesis’ strategy to delegitimize the 996 work system by telling their own experience. – Labor law of the people’s Republic of China is the most-mentioned. ? It is more about the processing conceptualization of some capitalists of the 996 work system in the posts of use of ‘moral evaluation’. Data Analysis &Results—RQ2 Rationalization 23% Mythopoesis 26.9% Moral evaluation Authorization 23.7% 26.3% 1) In total, mythopoesis is used most frequently, and the lowest one is rationalization. 2) Overall, there was not much difference in the utilization of each strategy Data Analysis &Results—RQ2 1) Moral evaluation and rationalization both occupied the largest (35%). 2) The smallest is mythopoesis (10%). 1) Mythopoesis counts for the largest percentage of 30%, the rest are all above 20% 2) Rationalization is the lowest one about 21%. 1) Why moral evaluation and rationalization are used most frequently on the positive side? Percentages of moral evaluation and rationalization are the same and the highest. Moral evaluation – The Chinese traditional values of diligence and enthusiasm for labor Rationalization – Convince people by reasoning seems to be more acceptable. 2) Why is mythopoesis legitimation is the most frequently used strategy on the negative side? – To shorten the distance with each other – Zhihu platform: people share ideas actively. Desire to be a spectator of others’ privacy Opinion leaders make themselves more convincing – 996 work system is so common domestically Increase empathy and allow others to relate, thus strengthening the impact of your viewpoint. Discussion 3) What deep reasons contributing to 996 work system phenomenon ? – The transformation and upgrading of the industrial model is on the rise trend, and it is necessary to continuously enhance its own industry’s top technology and maintain its top position. – The huge number of tasks in the emerging business of the enterprise leads to high distribution pressure. – The labor force in China is cheap and the job market is highly intense. – The corporate culture pursues high productivity and short time and regards talents as task processing machines. – The labor inspection department ignore the 996 work system, the law enforcement department lack of legal supervision, the company lack of sanctions, and the employees’ legal overtime income is neglected. Discussion 1) Limited data & Only one media platform. 2) Subjectivity: strategies used in the texts may be identified more accurately 3) Inconsistence: viewpoints on social networking sites does not fully reflect what people think in real life. Limitation Conclusion Obviously, the 996 work system is clearly playing its maximum role in China under the background of the current industrial transformation and upgrading. With the continuous development of productivity and the continuous maintenance of the world’s leading position in various industrial technologies, the gradual substitution and application of artificial technology, China’s 996 work system will gradually disappear, and it will gradually turn to the Western developed countries to pursue a work-life balance. For now, the 996 working system still allows capitalists to use moral values and personal values to impose restrictions and brainwashing on workers. A large number of corporate cultures blindly pursue task processing machines rather than emotional humanbeing. Therefore,the 996 working system will still last for a while, but one day with the awakening of laborers and law enforcement and judicial departments, this phenomenon will slowly fade out of public view. References ‘Breeze, R. (2012). Legitimation in corporate discourse: Oil corporations after Deepwater Horizon. Discourse & Society, 23(1), 3–18. ‘Habermas, J., & McCarthy, T. (1976). Legitimation crisis. London: Heinemann Educational. ‘Suchman, M. C. (1995). Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review, 20, 571-610. ‘Uhlin, A. (2019). Legitimacy Struggles in Global Governance: Legitimation and Delegitimation of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. SAGE Open, 9(3). ‘Van Leeuwen, T. (2007). Legitimation in discourse and communication. Discourse & Communication, 1(1), 91-112. ‘Van Leeuwen, T., & Wodak, R. (1999). Legitimizing Immigration Control: A Discourse-Historical Analysis. Discourse Studies, 1(1), 83–118. ‘Vaara, Eero, Tienari, Janne, & Laurila, Juha. (2006). Pulp and Paper Fiction: On the Discursive Legitimation of Global Industrial Restructuring. Organization Studies, 27(6), 789813. ‘Wang, Jenny Jing. (2020). How managers use culture and controls to impose a ‘996’ work regime in China that constitutes modern slavery. Accounting and Finance (Parkville), 60(4), 4331-4359. ‘Zhu, Y., & McKenna, B. (2012). Legitimating a Chinese takeover of an Australian iconic firm: Revisiting models of media discourse of legitimacy. Discourse & Society, 23(5), 525– 552. ‘Chaowei, P. (2013). ?????????????——??????????????????. ????, 2013(04), 41-48. ‘Kang, S. (2015). ???????????????. ?????? ‘Yuting, L., & Xingwei, M. (2016). ??????????——??????????????????. ???????, 2016(05):59-68. Thanks ^-^ Methodology Now, let’s talk about research methodology. a) Data collection For data collection, we chose Zhihu as a platform. Zhihu is a very simple and efficient question-and-answer application to use. Zhihu’s selected comments, co-editing, regular targeted push and other functions can maximize the connection between the user group and the target topic, and increase engagement of users. Second, after several years of development, Zhihu has attracted a large number of professional users like columnist, writers, critics, researchers and also ordinary people. This makes zhihu’s articles more professional and have more analysis from different perspectives. They bring valuable content to the platform which emphasizes content quality. Moreover, due to its precise filtering mechanism, more than 172000 posts related to 996 work system can be collected. Therefore, we have selected 100 most liked and commented articles on Zhihu from opinion leaders, and then we extracted some controversial and representative articles for in-depth content analysis. b) qualitative analysis-content analysis For RQ1, we categorized the 100 articles into two tonalities including positive and negative. After four coders double checked the overall tonality together, we discussed and identified what strategies had been used in each text and recorded them in the table. The four main strategies are : Mythopoesis, Rationalization, moral legitimation , authorization. c) quantitative analysis For RQ2, we counted the number of each strategy used and made diagrams to show the results. This is a screenshot of our raw data. Let’s move to the RQ1. 1. Authorization ?? The 996 work system was delegitimized by using the Labor Law of the People’s Republic of China. According to this article, 996 system violates the labor law. The inaction of relevant government departments and the blind follow-up measures of enterprises have put workers in a dilemma. When law enforcement and judicial organs can cooperate together to handle affairs, the labor law can be a guideline that every company should follow, 996 will face desperation gradually. ?? The right one, as you can see, it shows that 996 was delegitimized by using role models like Madame Curie and Marx. 2. Rationalization This strategy is mainly in reference to the utility of institutionalized social action. The author thinks people who have no background, like him, can only get a foothold in society by making efforts to surpass others. In this post, ‘??’ is a social action. The author rationalizes the necessity of making efforts to surpass others. 3. Mythopoesis means storytelling. This post told a story of an employee. Under that system, the person becomes bald and sick, and almost has no private life. This story as a cautionary tales, describes the unhappy consequences of overtime, which uses mythopoesis to delegitimate 996. 4. Moral evaluation Moral evaluation legitimation uses moral values. The moral evaluation is asserted by words such as ‘good’ and ‘bad’ and also hinted at, by means of positive adjectives. Actually, it is not possible to find an explicit, linguistically motivated method for identifying moral evaluations of this kind. What we can do is to identify them based on our common-sense cultural knowledge and treat such moral evaluations as commonsense values. The leader said, ???????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????? He declared overtime as a necessity for young people, which naturalizes 996, and also moralizes it by extracting from the system some positive values. These values including diligence, sense of responsibility, perseverance willpower are common values in China. (per sei vei rance)and Data Analysis &Results——RQ2 ‘Moral evaluation’ and ‘rationalization’ are most commonly used by supporters of 996, while opponents use ‘Mythopoesis’ most frequently. Just as these examples, the authors analyze and rationalize the 996 work system from the perspective of value orientation. Therefore, the high-intensity and long-term accumulation of resources are also one of the important reasons why they think the 996 work system is reasonable. Most of the stories are told with accuracy rather than in a synopsis. In the post of negative tonality, most of the authors use the ‘Mythopoesis’ strategy to delegitimize the 996 work system by telling their own experience. “Labor law of the people’s Republic of China” is the most common example of the use in ‘authorization’ strategy. Through the compensation for overtime pay is not reasonable according to the law in the 996 work system of some company to delegitimize the 996 work system. Their own experience and legal provisions are very mandatory and persuasive, which are the effective ways in the process of delegitimization. However, as for ‘moral evaluation’, it is more about processing conceptualization of some capitalists of the 996 work system. They delegitimize it with the breadth and acceptance of its application of this idea and transform it into a kind of thought and idea. Some capitalists have also linked the concept of the 996 work system with the concepts of “honor”, “responsibility” and “self-motivated”, which is referred to the value system. The author who uses this kind of strategy will fundamentally discuss that its essence is not suitable for the average working class in today’s society. Because this kind of work system is harmful to our health and exploits our time. Results——diagrams For the RQ2, from the bar chart, it’s clear to see that in total, mythopoesis reached the peak at 42, and the lowest one is rationalization with 36. Overall, there is only a slight difference in the degree to which the four strategies are used. For the pie chart ‘Percentages of positive in 4 strategies’, moral evaluation and rationalization both occupied the largest, around 35%. The smallest is mythopoesis and is about 10%. For the pie chart ‘Percentages of Negative in 4 strategies’, moral evaluation also counts for the largest percentage and which is 30%, the rest are all above 20%, but rationalization is the lowest one about 21%. Discussion 1) Why moral evaluation and rationalization are used most frequently on the positive side? Percentages of moral evaluation and rationalization are the same and the highest. For moral evaluation, since the Chinese traditional values of diligence and enthusiasm for labor are strongly recommended among all generations the whole time, proponents capitalize on this tradition to equate overwork with positivity. Rationalization is the embodiment of rationalism. Convince people by reasoning which includes purpose, means and ends seems to be more acceptable. 2) Why mythopoesis legitimation is the most frequently used strategy on the negative side? This strategy is easy to shorten the distance with each other. According to this research, articles especially those using mythopoesis strategy have a high rate of likes and comments. Zhihu is a platform where people share ideas actively. Due to the innate desire to be a spectator of others’ privacy, contents involving personal stories or experiences are more eye-catching. Therefore, storytelling is more popular. Second, 996 work system is so common domestically that most of employees share common experiences and opinions. Sharing personal story or someone else’s story will increase empathy and allow others to relate, thus strengthening the impact of the viewpoint. 3) What deep reasons contributing to 996 work system phenomenon ? 1. The transformation and upgrading of the industrial model is on the rise trend, and it is necessary to continuously enhance its own industry’s top technology and maintain its top position. 2. The huge amount of tasks in the emerging business of the enterprise leads to high distribution pressure. 3. The labor force in China is cheap and the job market is highly intense. 4. The corporate culture pursues high productivity and short time, and regards talents as task processing machines. 5. The labor inspection department ignore the 996 work system, the law enforcement department is lack of legal supervision, the company is lack of sanctions, and the employees’ legal overtime income is neglected. Limitation (1)Due to the limited time and members, we just collect limited data on only one media platform. (2) Because of the complex discourse and the inherent subjectivity of coders, strategies used in the texts may be identified more accurately, so as to make the results more precise. (3) On Zhihu platform, most users are opposed to 996 work system, however, in the real life, many young people insist that 996 work system is acceptable as long as they get more money. Therefore, possibly, viewpoints on social networking sites does not fully reflect what people think in real life. Conclusion Obviously, the 996 work system is clearly playing its maximum role in China under the background of the current industrial transformation and upgrading. With the continuous development of productivity and the continuous maintenance of the world’s leading position in various industrial technologies, the gradual substitution and application of artificial technology, China’s 996 work system will gradually disappear, and it will gradually turn to the Western developed countries to pursue a work-life balance. For now, the 996 working system still allows capitalists to use moral values and personal values to impose restrictions and brainwashing on workers. A large number of corporate cultures blindly pursue task processing machines. The 996 work system will still last for a while, but one day with the awakening of laborers and law enforcement and judicial departments, this phenomenon will slowly fade out of public view. These are our references. References Habermas, J., & McCarthy, T. (1976). Legitimation crisis. London: Heinemann Educational. Suchman, M. C. (1995). Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review, 20, 571-610. Uhlin, A. (2019). Legitimacy Struggles in Global Governance: Legitimation and Delegitimation of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. SAGE Open, 9(3). Van Leeuwen, T. (2007). Legitimation in discourse and communication. Discourse & Communication, 1(1), 91-112. Van Leeuwen, T., & Wodak, R. (1999). Legitimizing Immigration Control: A Discourse-Historical Analysis. Discourse Studies, 1(1), 83–118. Vaara, Eero, Tienari, Janne, & Laurila, Juha. (2006). Pulp and Paper Fiction: On the Discursive Legitimation of Global Industrial Restructuring. Organization Studies, 27(6), 789-813. Wang, Jenny Jing. (2020). How managers use culture and controls to impose a ‘996′ work regime in China that constitutes modern slavery. Accounting and Finance (Parkville), 60(4), 4331-4359. Zhu, Y., & McKenna, B. (2012). Legitimating a Chinese takeover of an Australian iconic firm: Revisiting models of media discourse of legitimacy. Discourse & Society, 23(5), 525–552. Chaowei, P. (2013). ?????????????——??????????? ???????. ????, 2013(04), 41-48. Kang, S. (2015). ???????????????. ?????? Yuting, L., & Xingwei, M. (2016). ??????????——???????? ??????????. ???????, 2016(05):59-68. Purchase answer to see full attachment

Mastering the Art of Online Learning: Your Guide to Acing Online Courses

Introduction

In recent years, the popularity of online courses has skyrocketed, offering learners the flexibility to acquire new skills and knowledge from the comfort of their homes. However, succeeding in online courses requires a different approach compared to traditional classroom settings. To help you make the most of your online learning experience, this article presents essential strategies and tips to ace your online courses.

1. Set Clear Goals and Plan Ahead

Before embarking on an online course, establish clear goals and objectives. Determine what you hope to achieve by the end of the course and break down your goals into manageable milestones. Create a study schedule that aligns with your other commitments, ensuring you allocate dedicated time for coursework, assignments, and revision.

2. Create a Productive Study Environment

Establishing a conducive study environment is crucial for online learning success. Find a quiet, well-lit space where you can concentrate without distractions. Remove any potential interruptions, such as notifications from social media or email. Organize your study materials and have a reliable internet connection to ensure seamless access to course materials.

3. Actively Engage in the Course

Active participation is key to mastering online courses. Engage with course materials, including videos, readings, and interactive components. Take comprehensive notes, highlighting key concepts and ideas. Participate in discussion boards, forums, and virtual meetings to interact with instructors and peers, fostering a sense of community and enhancing your understanding of the subject matter.

4. Manage Your Time Effectively

Online courses offer flexibility, but it’s essential to manage your time wisely to avoid falling behind. Create a detailed schedule, allocating specific time slots for coursework, assignments, and studying. Break down larger tasks into smaller, manageable segments to prevent procrastination. Prioritize tasks based on deadlines and dedicate focused time to each one, ensuring consistent progress throughout the course.

5. Develop Effective Communication Skills

Online courses often rely on written communication, making it crucial to hone your skills in this area. Be concise and clear in your written responses, paying attention to grammar and spelling. Actively participate in discussions, asking thoughtful questions and providing constructive feedback to your peers. Regularly check your course emails and notifications, ensuring you stay updated with any important announcements or changes.

6. Utilize Available Resources

Take full advantage of the resources provided by your online course platform and instructors. Familiarize yourself with the learning management system (LMS) and explore its features. Access supplementary materials, such as textbooks, lecture slides, and external resources recommended by instructors. Utilize online libraries, research databases, and tutorial services to deepen your understanding of the subject matter.

7. Stay Motivated and Engaged

Maintaining motivation throughout an online course can be challenging, particularly when faced with competing priorities or a lack of face-to-face interaction. Set short-term goals and reward yourself upon their completion. Connect with fellow learners through virtual study groups or online forums to foster a sense of camaraderie. Regularly remind yourself of the benefits and personal growth associated with completing the course successfully.

8. Seek Support and Clarification

Don’t hesitate to seek support or clarification when needed. Reach out to your instructors for guidance or clarification on course material. Utilize online discussion forums to ask questions or engage in collaborative problem-solving. Leverage the support services provided by your course platform or institution, such as technical support or academic advising.

Conclusion

Online courses present unique opportunities for self-paced learning and personal growth. By setting clear goals, creating a productive study environment, actively engaging with course materials, and managing your time effectively, you can maximize your chances of acing online courses. Remember to stay motivated, seek support when needed, and make the most of the available resources. Embrace the flexibility and adaptability of online learning to achieve your educational goals.