I’ve attached my previous theory essay below. I will also copy and paste the requirements for this final theory essay. For this assignment, students will use the feedback they received on their summary to revise their background and concepts as needed, then add on to produce their final essay by May 4. The final essay will be 6-8 double-spaced pages. Again, this essay includes the summary you already wrote (with revisions as needed); this is NOT a whole new essay. The complete essay will consist of the following three sections; the material to be added to the theory summary is boldfaced: Theory background (about 1 page). Who originated this theory? Where/when was it originally proposed? What is its purpose? What is the central idea? Key concepts (4-5 pages). How, exactly, does the theory work? Identify, define, and explain each concept and how the concepts work together to form the theory. For each concept, provide a specific example that you have experienced personally, that someone you know has experienced, that you read in the journal articles, or that you have seen in fiction (book, movie, TV show, etc.). Connections (1-2 pages). How does this theory compare to other specific theories we have discussed in class? What concepts are similar to other theories we’ve discussed? What sets it apart from the theories to which it is similar? As with the theory summary, the three journal sources must be cited in APA style where they are used within the text and listed on a separate works cited page (not part of the page count). Students also should cite any media sources they use for examples (if they do not use examples from personal experience) as well as any sources they use in the Connections section. All assignments should be in 11-point Calibri or 12-point Times New Roman type with one-inch margins on each side. Note that a full page runs all the way to all four margins. At the top of the first page, please put only your name and then hit return/enter. Do not put any additional space between your name and the start of your essay. Do not include a title. Do not include anything in your essay other than the outlined requirements; any extra material will be deducted from the page total. Essays with no sources cited will receive 0 credit. Essays also will be run for plagiarism; no credit will be given for submissions that directly copy any part of any other work. Nanccy Jesudasan Anxiety-Uncertainty Management theory 1. Maclntyre, P. D. (2019). Anxiety/Uncertainty Management and Communication. Accommodation in Women’s Brief Dyadic Conversations With a Stranger: AnIdiodynamic Approach, 1-18. 2. Rui, J. R., & Wang, H. (n.d.). Computers in human behavior. Social Network Sites and International Students’ Cross-cultural Adaptation, 1-680. 3. Gudykunst, W. B. (1998). International journal of intercultural relations. Applying Anxietyuncertainty Management (AUM) Theory to Intercultural Adjustment Training, 227-250. 1 Anxiety-Uncertainty Management Theory Nanccy Jesudasan UTA COMM 3315 Professor P.Smith 03/10/20201 2 Anxiety-Uncertainty Management Theory The Anxiety-Uncertainty Management Theory was developed by William Gudykunst in 1985. However, the theory was only an extension of the uncertainty reduction theory that had been earlier proposed by Calabrese and Berger in 1975. The theory was developed as a tool that could be used to further define human communication. William Gudykunst opined that human beings effectively communicated after determining that their anxiety and uncertainty in social situations were similar (Gudykunst, 1998). The Anxiety-Uncertainty Management Theory (AUM) made improvements to the Uncertainty Reduction Theory (URT). It used the framework under which URT was founded and used these observations on human communication to develop the AUM theory. While the URT was based on thought processes among human beings as factors that affect socialization, the AUM focused on how the reduction in anxiety and uncertainty affects socialization. Ideally, the AUM theory looked at how uncertainty and anxiety affect cultural adaptation among human beings during their day-to-day interactions. Gudykunst (1998), made certain assumptions while developing the theory. The major assumption was that in any intercultural interactions between people, at least one of them could be described as a stranger. The stranger was the one most likely to suffer from anxiety and uncertainty since they would not know how to talk and behave in the company of strangers. The stranger would also be hyper-aware and notice the distinct cultural difference between the multi-cultural parties involved in the interaction. This in turn leads them to overestimate the impact the cultural differences will have on their interactions. This practical approach by Gudykunst (1998) made the AUM have a higher utility degree. It included 3 numerous axioms converging on each other. The axioms moved in a direction that showed effective communication. The AUM was not meant to be a fixed theory and has undergone several changes over the years to make it more accurate. Scope of the Anxiety-Uncertainty Management Theory in Communication Ideally, the AUM focused on the four levels of communication. These levels are individual, intergroup, cultural, and interpersonal. For any communication to occur, human beings have to be motivated at the individual level. This influences the way an individual creates and interprets a message. It also determines how they will react to the other party or parties involved in the communication. Therefore, the individual levels of communication affect self-conceptualization and inclusion in communication. At the interpersonal level, communication is usually between two individuals. The communication is based on one-on-one interaction. This leads to the formation of the intimate relationship between individuals and social networks (Maclntyre, 2019). As pointed out by Gudykunst in the AUM theory, the communication will depend on the familiarity of the two individuals in the communication. Ideally, AUM theory strives to predict the communication behavior between two individuals. The type of behavior exhibited by the individuals during interpersonal communication greatly determines if they will be able to form relationships and communicate effectively. Inter-group level entails interactions and exchange of messages between human beings in a collective way. In inter-group level communication, human beings form groups depending on different factors like common social identities and level of self-esteem. Ideally, the objective is to have a social grouping where all the individuals within the group feel comfortable communicating with each other. In retrospect, inter-group level communication 4 entails communication as a collective unit where the message reflects what the group thinks and not necessarily what an individual thinks or behaves. At the cultural level, the communication level is defined by the cultural beliefs between the parties interacting. This means that cultural variability plays a critical role in determining how effectively people will communicate. The AUM theory’s main focus is on the intergroup and interpersonal levels of communication. The Axioms developed by Gudykunst categorize communication by fitting them into intergroup or interpersonal levels of communication. The theory uses the type of behavior exhibited by the communicating parties. It also uses axioms to predict some of the behaviors that will be exhibited by the communicating parties. Similarly, these behaviors can be defined under cultural or psychological factors (Maclntyre, 2019). If the communications behaviors can be defined under the sociological or cultural norms, then the communication level is most likely to be an inter-group. On the other hand, if the communication behavior is best defined under psychological factors, then the communication level is most likely to be inter-personal communication. Additionally, AUM also uses a second method to differentiate the communication level. When the behavior is influenced by human factors or personal behavior, then interpersonal communication behavior will most likely be prevalent. When social factors are the main factors that influence communication behavior, then the inter-group communication behaviors will most likely occur. However, this works with the assumption that all the basic processes involved during communication are similar across different cultures and social groupings. Recently, the AUM had to contend with the effects of technology in communication. When the theory was being developed, communication was based on the traditional forms. The advent of social media meant that strangers were now more mindful and able to freely 5 discuss problematic issues than the traditional intergroup members. This changed the dynamic of intergroup communication behaviors (Rui & Wang, n.d.). 6 References Maclntyre, P. D. (2019). Anxiety/Uncertainty Management and Communication. Accommodation in Women’s Brief Dyadic Conversations With a Stranger: AnIdiodynamic Approach, 1-18. Rui, J. R., & Wang, H. (n.d.). Computers in human behavior. Social Network Sites and International Students’ Cross-cultural Adaptation, 1-680. Gudykunst, W. B. (1998). International journal of intercultural relations. Applying Anxietyuncertainty Management (AUM) Theory to Intercultural Adjustment Training, 227-250. 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