Q.1 Informed Consent
Explore what is meant by informed consent from a legal perspective. What are the key elements that must be covered in order to obtain legal informed consent? And why is this concept so important to patients, providers, and healthcare organizations?

Q.2 Patient Self-Determination Act
What are the key provisions of the Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA)? Why was this legislation enacted and what were the goals? What must hospitals and other healthcare providers do to ensure their compliance with PSDA?

Q.3 Write a reply/response(Nichoals)

The key elements of informed consent are nature of treatment, benefits, alternatives, risks, opportunity for questions.

Before the informed consent process, there is eligibility. After the informed consent process there is a permission to access data or service phase

Informed consent can also concentrate on specific situations such as ; treatment details, refusal of service, risks given ( for example if you are undergoing a surgery – there is a risk for you to be disabled or even die )

If you are a patient; informed consent is to ensure you understand all of your rights in a formal basis so less or no negligence occurs

If you are a provider; on high level formal consent mitigates any legal cases especially if the doctor is performing high risk surgeries or procedures.

Q.4. Write a reply/response (MelissaIB)

informed consent is an ethical concept that has become an integral part of “contemporary medical ethics and medical practices,” as well as a part of legal doctrines and demands. It is more of a mechanism that seeks to protect the moral right of patients and patients from unnecessary assurance care. Therefore, in legal terms, prior to performing any type of healthcare intervention or disclosing patient information with any other healthcare provider, patient permission is mandatory. It is only permitted if each and every aspect of the function is clarified by a healthcare professional. This therefore helps a patient make an informed decision about getting medical attention and related treatment or testing. Informed consent assumes the patient can take his or her decision legally. If not then other person who is legally permitted to make a decision on the patient’s behalf. The general requirement for informed consent is for it to be captured in the language “understandable.” The essential elements of informed consent are intent, associated costs, benefits, disclosure of alternative therapies, confidentiality of medical records, reimbursement and care received, and contact details aside from voluntary participation. It is important in healthcare because it is like a patient’s invitation to connect with healthcare decisions, while at the same time doctors are also obliged to make recommendations and offer the patient a reasoning process. Therefore, making patients learn and understand the entire process of medical intervention, clinical trials, and received treatment becomes important for a health care provider

Q.5 Write a reply/Responses (Deja)

Informed consent is a part of an ethical concept and has been integrated into contemporary medical ethics and its practices. It is also a part of legal documentation along with requirements. Informed Consent allows patients to know their moral rights to prevent unwanted treatment and gives permission for healthcare providers to conduct any medical procedures/treatment. With informed consent, it assumes that the patient is legally able to make decisions for himself or herself if they aren’t able to make a legal decision for themselves, someone who is legally responsible for that said person. The most important elements of informed consent are the purpose, risks that are involved, benefits, disclosure of alternative treatments, the confidentiality of patients’ records, compensation that could possibly be involved, and contact information of the patient. Informed consent is a way for patients, doctors to make sound healthcare decisions collectively and stay connected with one another. It is the physician’s goal to have their patients understand the entire concept and process of the treatment they will receive, any medical interventions, and clinical trials.

Patient Self

Q.6 Write a reply /Response (Rhonda)

Professor and Class,

According the American Bar Association, the key provisions of the Patient Self-Determination Act include:

· Provide patient a written summary of his/her healthcare decision making rights and the healthcare organizations policies on advanced directives.

· Ask patient if he/she has an advance directive, and document in patient’s medical record

· Educate their staff

· Never discriminate against patients based on whether or not they have an advance directive. It is against the law to require either that you have or not have an advance directive.

This legislation was enacted to ensure that a patient’s right to self-determination in health care decisions be communicated and protected. The goals were to give patients the right to accept or reject medical or surgical treatment is available to adults while competent. In the event adults are not able to competently make decisions, this still allows them to control their care preemptively.

Q.7 Write a reply/Response(Ginger)

The purpose of the Patient Self-Determination Act is to inform patients of their rights regarding decisions toward their own medical care, and ensure that these rights are communicated by the health care provider. Specifically, the rights ensured are those of the patient to dictate their future care (by means such as living will or power of attorney), should they become incapacitated. The PSDA requires information to be given to adult patients about their rights under state laws governing advance directives, including: 1) the right to participate in and direct their own healthcare decisions; 2) the right to accept or refuse medical or surgical treatment; 3) the right to prepare an advance directive; 4) information on the provider’s policies that govern the utilization of these rights. The act also prohibits institutions from discriminating against a patient who does not have an advance directive. The PSDA further requires institutions to document patient information and provide ongoing community education on advance directives.

The PSDA simply requires that most health care institutions (but not individual doctors) do the following: 1.) Give you at the time of admission a written summary of your health care decision-making rights and the facility’s policies with respect to recognizing advance directives; 2.) Ask you if you have an advance directive, and document that fact in your medical record if you do. (It is up to you to make sure they get a copy of it); 3.) Educate their staff and community about advance directives; 4.) Never discriminate against patients based on whether or not they have an advance directive. Thus, it is against the law for them to require either that you have or not have an advance directive; 5.) Honor valid advance directives to the extent required by State or Tribal laws.