Answer 2 of the following
9. Explain and contrast what top-down and bottom-up effects of community structuring are. List some of the potential causes of each. Give an example of each effect using a peer-reviewed study. Give the citation by including the URL of the article.
10.Explain the Menge”’Sutherland model of disturbance and predation on community species diversity. What ecological property does the model illustrate? Describe one example from a peer-reviewed study that either supports or refutes the model. Give the citation by including the URL of the article.
11.Explain what an ecosystem engineer is and its potential effects on community dynamics. Describe one example from a peer-reviewed study. Give the citation by including the URL of the article.
12.Explain why herbivory still negatively impacts a plant even when the plant is not killed. What are some of the possible mechanisms that plants use to avoid herbivory? Provide explanations for the mechanisms.
13.Explain and contrast the succession models proposed by Connell and Slatyer (1977). Describe one example from a peer-reviewed study demonstrating one of these models. Give the citation by including the URL of the article.
Answer the following
 
B1. Mathematically demonstrate the values of the zero population growth isoclines for both the prey and predator in a Lotka-Volterra model. Show your work.